C++
Summary - Polymorphism
Combine virtual, abstract and dynamic_cast to write an employee hierarchy.
Summary - Polymorphism
In this group you learned polymorphism. virtual methods provide dynamic dispatch; a base pointer calls the derived implementation. The virtual table (vtable) makes this possible.
Abstract classes define interfaces with pure virtual functions. dynamic_cast performs safe downcasting. A virtual destructor ensures the derived class is cleaned up on polymorphic delete. Together these tools build flexible and safe object-oriented design.
Abstract class and virtual destructor together
Let us combine two tools: an abstract class and a virtual destructor. You can define an interface and safely delete the derived class.
For example, an Animal abstract class contains virtual void speak() = 0; and virtual ~Animal() {}. A Cat class implements speak(). Create with Animal* a = new Cat();, call a->speak(), and safely clean up with delete a. This is a full example of polymorphic design.
Exercise Animal abstract class and Cat implementation
Define an Animal abstract class with virtual void speak() = 0; and virtual ~Animal() {}. A Cat class inherits with void speak() override body std::cout << "Meow";. In main write Animal* a = new Cat();, a->speak(); and delete a;.
Show example solution
#include <iostream>
class Animal {
public:
virtual void speak() = 0;
virtual ~Animal() {}
};
class Cat : public Animal {
public:
void speak() override { std::cout << "Meow"; }
};
int main() {
Animal* a = new Cat();
a->speak();
delete a;
return 0;
}
Exercise dynamic_cast and virtual destructor together
Define a Base class with virtual void info() body std::cout << "Base"; and virtual ~Base() {}. A Derived class inherits with void info() override body std::cout << "Derived";. In main write Base* b = new Derived();, Derived* d = dynamic_cast<Derived*>(b);, if (d) d->info(); and delete b;.
Show example solution
#include <iostream>
class Base {
public:
virtual void info() { std::cout << "Base"; }
virtual ~Base() {}
};
class Derived : public Base {
public:
void info() override { std::cout << "Derived"; }
};
int main() {
Base* b = new Derived();
Derived* d = dynamic_cast<Derived*>(b);
if (d) d->info();
delete b;
return 0;
}
Test yourself
-
What does a polymorphic class contain?
class A { ??? };
- Only static methods
- Only const members
- At least one virtual method
- Only inline variables
Show answer
At least one virtual method — A polymorphic class has at least one virtual method.
-
Match each concept to its purpose
- virtual
- Dynamic dispatch
- = 0
- Pure virtual
- dynamic_cast
- Safe downcast
- virtual ~Base
- Virtual destructor
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