Java
Dynamic binding
Learn which method is called at runtime.
How dynamic dispatch works
Dynamic dispatch means the method is selected at runtime, not at compile time. The compiler only checks that the reference type declares the method; the JVM picks the actual code to run.
When you collect different types in a list under their superclass, each element calls its own area. A loop for (Shape s : shapes) s.area() gives the right result for each; that is the power of polymorphism.
Override rules
For a subclass method to override the parent's, the signatures must match exactly: same name, same parameter list, compatible return type. The @Override annotation is optional but catches errors at compile time.
The access level cannot be narrowed: a protected parent method can be public in the child, but not private. A final method cannot be overridden.
Exercise Dynamic dispatch in a Shape list
Add to the Shape and Square definitions a class Triangle extends Shape with int base, int height, a constructor and an area method returning base * height / 2. Then in main create a List<Shape> shapes = new ArrayList<>();, add a new Square(4) and a new Triangle(6, 4), and print each area on its own line with a for-each loop.
Show example solution
class Shape {
int area() { return 0; }
}
class Square extends Shape {
int side;
Square(int side) { this.side = side; }
int area() { return side * side; }
}
class Triangle extends Shape {
int base;
int height;
Triangle(int b, int h) { this.base = b; this.height = h; }
int area() { return base * height / 2; }
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Shape> shapes = new ArrayList<>();
shapes.add(new Square(4));
shapes.add(new Triangle(6, 4));
for (Shape s : shapes) {
System.out.println(s.area());
}
}
}
Test yourself
-
Complete the loop header
for (Shape s : ____) {
System.out.println(s.area());
}
Show answer
for (Shape s : shapes) {
System.out.println(s.area());
}
-
Which is an override rule?
- The return type can be anything
- The signature (name and parameters) must match exactly
- The access level may be narrowed
- Final methods can be overridden
Show answer
The signature (name and parameters) must match exactly — Override requires the signature to match exactly.
-
Match the override rules
- @Override
- Compile-time check annotation
- final
- Blocks override
- protected
- Can become public in subclass
- private
- Not visible for override
Next lesson: Override rules
