Optional chaining

Learn to safely access null and undefined values with ?.

Optional chaining

The ?. operator (optional chaining) gives safe access to an object property. If the value being accessed is null or undefined, it returns undefined instead of throwing an error.

Example: const city = user?.address?.city;. If user or user.address is missing, city becomes undefined and no error is thrown. Just replace . with ?.. This builds safe access to nested objects without checking each step.

Optional method and indexing

Optional chaining is not limited to properties. Optional method call ?. also calls methods safely: obj?.greet?.(). If obj or greet is missing, the result is undefined; no error is thrown.

Similarly, optional indexing ?.[] accesses arrays safely: arr?.[0]. These patterns are very useful for reaching deep properties in API data; you do not need to check each step separately.

Exercise Nested ?. access

Set user to { profile: { city: "London" } }. Set city to user?.profile?.city. Print city.

Show example solution

const user = { profile: { city: "London" } };
const city = user?.profile?.city;
console.log(city);

Exercise Optional method call

Set obj to null. Set result to obj?.greet?.(). Print result.

Show example solution

const obj = null;
const result = obj?.greet?.();
console.log(result);

Test yourself

What does null?.name evaluate to?
```
null?.name
```
- null
- ""
- "name"
- undefined
Show answer

undefined — Correct. Using ?. on null returns undefined, no error is thrown.

Nested safe access

const user = { address: { city: "London" } };
const city = user?.address____city;
console.log(city);

Show answer

const user = { address: { city: "London" } };
const city = user?.address?.city;
console.log(city);

Match expression to result

null?.city

undefined
({a:1})?.a

1
({n:5})?.n

5
({s:'hi'})?.s

'hi'

Next lesson: Logical assignment

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