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Putting it together

Combine all parts into a working app.

Putting it together: solve with a function

In the final lesson you will combine everything into a hesapla function. This function takes a grades list and returns its average:

def hesapla(lst):
    return sum(lst) / len(lst)

print("final:", hesapla(grades))
# final: 87.0

The starting code includes all previous solutions. You will define and call the hesapla function. This makes the code modular — the function can be reused with different grade lists.

The project is complete!

Practice Define and call the hesapla function

Define def hesapla(lst): with return sum(lst) / len(lst) in the body. Then write print("final:", hesapla(grades)).

Starter code

main.py
# Grade calculator - grades list
grades = [85, 90, 78]
print(grades)
grades.append(95)
print("eklendi:", len(grades))
average = sum(grades) / len(grades)
print("ortalama:", average)
empty = []
try:
    result = sum(empty) / len(empty)
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("boş liste")
else:
    print(result)
# define and call the hesapla function

Sample solution

main.py
grades = [85, 90, 78]
print(grades)
grades.append(95)
print("eklendi:", len(grades))
average = sum(grades) / len(grades)
print("ortalama:", average)
empty = []
try:
    result = sum(empty) / len(empty)
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("boş liste")
else:
    print(result)
def hesapla(lst):
    return sum(lst) / len(lst)
print("final:", hesapla(grades))

Expected output

[85, 90, 78]
eklendi: 4
ortalama: 87.0
boş liste
final: 87.0

Project complete

Congratulations! You completed the five-lesson beginner final. You combined:

  • List for storing data
  • append for dynamic insertion
  • sum / len for computing the average
  • try/except for error handling
  • function for modular code

These five layers form the skeleton of a real app. In the next level OOP, decorators and more advanced topics will follow.

Questions and answers

Review the lesson questions together with their answers. To test yourself, solve the lesson interactively.

1 Match the project assembly

Term Meaning
def hesapla Function definition
return sum / len Average
hesapla(grades) Call
print("final:") Output

2 Complete the return statement

Question 
def hesapla(lst):
    ____
Answer 
def hesapla(lst):
    return sum(lst) / len(lst)

Explanation: return sum(lst) / len(lst) returns the average.

3 What does hesapla(grades) return? (grades = [85, 90, 78, 95])

  • 348
  • 87.0 Correct answer
  • 4
  • 85

Explanation: sum([85,90,78,95]) / len = 348 / 4 = 87.0.

All lessons in Beginner

1 Python basics

  1. What is Python?
  2. REPL and print
  3. Comments
  4. Indentation blocks
  5. python -c and scripts
  6. Summary - Python basics

2 Variables

  1. Variable assignment
  2. Multiple assignment
  3. Naming variables
  4. id and type
  5. Swapping variables
  6. Summary - Variables

3 Data types

  1. int and float
  2. bool
  3. str basics
  4. None
  5. Type conversion
  6. Summary - Data types

4 Project: Calculator

  1. Project design
  2. Add/subtract
  3. Multiply/divide
  4. Error handling
  5. Putting it together

5 Operators

  1. Arithmetic
  2. Comparison
  3. Logical
  4. Bitwise
  5. Membership and identity
  6. Summary - Operators

6 String basics

  1. f-string
  2. Concatenation
  3. str.format
  4. Raw strings
  5. Triple-quote
  6. Summary - String basics

7 Conditionals

  1. The if statement
  2. elif and else
  3. Nested if
  4. Truthiness
  5. Conditional expression
  6. Summary - Conditionals

8 Loops

  1. The for loop
  2. range
  3. The while loop
  4. break and continue
  5. Loop else
  6. Summary - Loops

9 Project: Shopping cart

  1. Cart design
  2. Adding items
  3. Calculating totals
  4. Updating quantity
  5. Putting it together

10 Lists

  1. Declaring lists
  2. Index and slice
  3. List methods
  4. in and count
  5. Sorting lists
  6. Summary - Lists

11 List comprehension

  1. Comprehension basics
  2. Filtered comprehension
  3. Dict and set comprehension
  4. Nested comprehension
  5. Generator expression
  6. Summary - List comprehension

12 Tuple, set and dict

  1. Tuple
  2. Set
  3. Dict basics
  4. Dict methods
  5. Dict comprehension
  6. Summary - Tuple, set and dict

13 Functions

  1. def
  2. return
  3. Docstring
  4. Default parameters
  5. *args and **kwargs
  6. Summary - Functions

14 Function parameters

  1. Positional parameters
  2. Keyword parameters
  3. Keyword-only
  4. Positional-only
  5. Type hints basics
  6. Summary - Function parameters

15 Project: To-do CLI

  1. Task model
  2. Adding tasks
  3. Listing tasks
  4. Completing tasks
  5. Putting it together

16 Advanced string methods

  1. split and join
  2. strip, lstrip, rstrip
  3. replace
  4. find and index
  5. startswith, endswith
  6. Summary - Advanced strings

17 Input and output

  1. input()
  2. int/float conversion
  3. print parameters
  4. f-string formatting
  5. sys.argv
  6. Summary - Input and output

18 Error handling

  1. try/except
  2. else and finally
  3. raise
  4. Exception hierarchy
  5. Custom exceptions
  6. Summary - Error handling

19 Modules

  1. import
  2. from import
  3. as alias
  4. __name__ == '__main__'
  5. Standard library
  6. Summary - Modules

20 Beginner final

  1. Project design
  2. Data model
  3. Business logic
  4. Error handling
  5. Putting it together