Python
ctypes
Write a native code call with ctypes.
The native code layer
In this lesson you will add calling abs from a C library with ctypes. ctypes.CDLL(None) loads the default C library.
The libc.abs(-7) call gives the absolute value of a negative number. The previous lessons' code is already in the starting code. You only add import ctypes, CDLL(None) and the abs call. This layer will be combined with parallel processing in the final lesson.
Exercise Call abs with ctypes
The starting code already has Tool, Field, ModelMeta and square. Now import the module with import ctypes. Load the library with libc = ctypes.CDLL(None). Print the absolute value with print(libc.abs(-7)).
Show example solution
# Build the Tool class with type()
Tool = type("Tool", (), {
"name": "arac",
"run": lambda self: f"{self.name} calisti",
})
# Add Field descriptor and ModelMeta
class Field:
def __set_name__(self, owner, name):
self.name = name
if not hasattr(owner, "fields"):
owner.fields = []
owner.fields.append(name)
class ModelMeta(type):
def __new__(mcs, name, bases, ns):
return super().__new__(mcs, name, bases, ns)
class Model(metaclass=ModelMeta):
ad = Field()
# Add parallel square computation
from multiprocessing import Pool
def square(x):
return x * x
# Add native abs call
import ctypes
libc = ctypes.CDLL(None)
print(libc.abs(-7))
Next step: integration
The ctypes layer is ready. In the final lesson you will combine all layers: an abs_val function that calls libc.abs and runs in parallel with Pool.map.
This combines metaprogramming, multiprocessing and ctypes in one application. So far four layers are ready: Tool, Field/ModelMeta, Pool and ctypes.
Test yourself
-
What does CDLL load?
import ctypes
libc = ctypes.CDLL(None)
- A Python module
- A web page
- A shared C library
- An array
Show answer
A shared C library — CDLL loads a shared C library.
-
Match ctypes concepts
- ctypes
- C interface
- CDLL
- Loads a library
- libc
- Library object
- .abs
- Function call
-
Complete the CDLL call
import ctypes
libc = ctypes.____(None)
Show answer
import ctypes
libc = ctypes.CDLL(None)
Next lesson: Putting it together
